# PT-141 References: The Studies and Label Behind These Summaries

> The full PT-141 (bremelanotide) reference list — RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the 52-week extension, the fMRI mechanism study, the FDA label, and the combination-pharmacology work, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Each quantitative statement on this site maps to one of these sources. Conference abstracts are noted as a lower evidence tier; the 2008 salvage study is listed with its 2023 Expression of Concern.

## How to read this list

Every cited claim on this site resolves to a numbered source below. The backbone is the peer-reviewed clinical record — the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the 52-week extension, the mechanistic fMRI study — together with the FDA prescribing label. Two flags travel with specific entries: conference abstracts (the 2024-2025 sexual-medicine reports) sit a tier below peer-reviewed full text, and the 2008 salvage-of-sildenafil-failures study is listed with the 2023 Expression of Concern that places its findings in dispute. Where DOIs, PMIDs, or NCT identifiers exist, they are included.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. (NCT02333071) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. (NCT02333071) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. (NCT04179734) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[7] Diamond LE, Earle DC, Garcia WD, Spana C. Co-administration of low doses of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, and sildenafil to men with erectile dysfunction results in an enhanced erectile response. Urology. 2005;65(4):755-759. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15833522/
[8] Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ. Melanocortins in the Treatment of Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(11):1137-1144. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584134/
[9] Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Salvage of Sildenafil Failures With Bremelanotide: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study. J Urol. 2008;179(3):1066-1071. NOTE: An Expression of Concern was published in 2023 (J Urol; PMID 36626345); treat this study's findings as disputed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18206919/
[10] Kim S, Cho MC, Cho SY, Chung H, Rajasekaran MR. Novel Emerging Therapies for Erectile Dysfunction. World J Mens Health. 2021;39(1):48-64. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32202086/
[11] Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31893927/
[12] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[13] Goldstein I, et al. (227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic. J Sex Med. 2024. [Conference abstract — lower evidence tier than peer-reviewed full text.] https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdae001.217
[14] Goldstein I, et al. (122) Positive Effects of Bremelanotide on Female Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Premenopausal Women. J Sex Med. 2025. [Conference abstract — lower evidence tier than peer-reviewed full text.] https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf068.108
[15] Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025. [Conference abstract — lower evidence tier than peer-reviewed full text.] https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf320.390

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A sage-margined field notebook on the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — the one approved indication, the modest measured benefit, and the nausea-led tolerability cost noticed first and cited to source, while the central-versus-peripheral mechanism is drawn plainly and the unverified field reports are penned in their own ruled margin; no clinic behind the notebook and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.