PT-141 Pharmacy

References · Section 07

The PT-141 studies and label behind every cited claim

Each quantitative statement on this site maps to one of these sources. Conference abstracts are noted as a lower evidence tier; the 2008 salvage study is listed with its 2023 Expression of Concern.

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How to read this list

Every cited claim on this site resolves to a numbered source below. The backbone is the peer-reviewed clinical record — the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the 52-week extension, the mechanistic fMRI study — together with the FDA prescribing label. Two flags travel with specific entries: conference abstracts (the 2024-2025 sexual-medicine reports) sit a tier below peer-reviewed full text, and the 2008 salvage-of-sildenafil-failures study is listed with the 2023 Expression of Concern that places its findings in dispute. Where DOIs, PMIDs, or NCT identifiers exist, they are included.

  1. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
  2. Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
  3. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. (NCT02333071) ↗
  4. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. (NCT02333071) ↗
  5. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. (NCT04179734) ↗
  6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. ↗
  7. Diamond LE, Earle DC, Garcia WD, Spana C. Co-administration of low doses of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, and sildenafil to men with erectile dysfunction results in an enhanced erectile response. Urology. 2005;65(4):755-759. ↗
  8. Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ. Melanocortins in the Treatment of Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(11):1137-1144. ↗
  9. Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Salvage of Sildenafil Failures With Bremelanotide: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study. J Urol. 2008;179(3):1066-1071. NOTE: An Expression of Concern was published in 2023 (J Urol; PMID 36626345); treat this study's findings as disputed. ↗
  10. Kim S, Cho MC, Cho SY, Chung H, Rajasekaran MR. Novel Emerging Therapies for Erectile Dysfunction. World J Mens Health. 2021;39(1):48-64. ↗
  11. Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. ↗
  12. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. ↗
  13. Goldstein I, et al. (227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic. J Sex Med. 2024. [Conference abstract — lower evidence tier than peer-reviewed full text.] ↗
  14. Goldstein I, et al. (122) Positive Effects of Bremelanotide on Female Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Premenopausal Women. J Sex Med. 2025. [Conference abstract — lower evidence tier than peer-reviewed full text.] ↗
  15. Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025. [Conference abstract — lower evidence tier than peer-reviewed full text.] ↗